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Opdracht

Bestudeer onderstaande bronnen en beantwoord de vragen.

Bron A

Ontleend aan een brief van president Kennedy aan president Diem, 14 december 1961

Wij zijn diep geraakt door de aanval op uw land. Onze woede nam toe toen de doelbewuste wreedheid van het Communistische programma van blind geweld duidelijk werd. Wij zijn bereid  de Republiek van Zuid-Vietnam te helpen om zijn bevolking te beschermen en zijnonafhankelijkheid te behouden. We zullen snel vonze hulp aan uw defensie-inspanning vergroten. De Verenigde Staten blijven de zaak van de vrede toegewijd en onze primaire doel is om uw volk te helpen haar onafhankelijkheid te behouden. Als de communistische autoriteiten in Noord-Vietnam hun campagne om de Republiek van Zuid-Vietnam te vernietigen stoppen, zullen de maatregelen die we nemen om uw verdediging bij te staan niet langer nodig zijn. 

Bron B

Ik denk dat het zeer waarschijnlijk is dat president Kennedy onze legers uit Vietnam zou hebben teruggetrokken Ik denk dat hij tot die conclusie zou zijn gekomen, zelfs als hij had gedacht dat Zuid-Vietnam en, uiteindelijk, Zuidoost-Azië dan verloren zou gaan aan het communisme. Hij zou die prijs hebben aanvaard. Kennedy zou het er mee eens zijn geweest dat terugtrekken de 'val van de dominostenen' zou veroorzaken, maar dat  in Zuid-Vietnam blijven uiteindelijk tot hetzelfde resultaat zou leiden, tegen een verschrikkelijke prijs in de vorm van het bloed van jonge Amerikaanse soldaten.

Ontleend aan R.S. McNamara, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam, 1995

Bron C

Kennedy zag het conflict in Vietnam als communistische agressie in het kader van de Koude Oorlog. US Army Special Forces trainde het Zuid-Vietnamese leger in guerrilla oorlogsvoering. De Verenigde Staten ontwikkelden ook strategische gehuchten, dorpen omgeven door prikkeldraad en bewaakt door troepen, om guerrillastrijders van het Nationaal Bevrijdingsfront (NLF)  van politieke rekruten en andere middelen te isoleren. In  november1961 stemde Kennedy in met het verschaffen van vliegtuigen, intelligentie apparatuur en extra economische steun. Medio-1963 had het NLF 3600  van de 3700 strategische gehuchten verwoest en controleerden zij een groot deel van de Zuid-Vietnamese dorpen en evolking. Tegen het einde van 1963, bereidden zij een offensief en een opstand voor. Kennedy liet aan Johnson, een Amerikaanse militaire macht van 16.000 militairen na en de toezegging van een betrokkenheid bij de groeiende Vietnam oorlog.

Ontleend aan M. Hall, The Vietnam war, 2000

1. Gebruik de bronnen A en B en je eigen kennis.

Leg uit in hoevere de standpunten in Bron B verschillen van die in Bron A voor wat betreft de zorgen die Kennedy zich maakte om de onafhankelijkheid van Vietnam. (12 punten)

2. Gebruik de bronnen A en B en je eigen kennis.

In hoeverre was president Kennedy vastbesloten om militair geweld te gebruiken in Zuid-Vietnam om de verspreiding van het communisme te stoppen in Zuidoost-Azië? (24 punten)

Bron: AQA

Beoordelingsmodel

Vraag 1

• Nothing written worthy of credit. 0

• L1: Answers will either briefly paraphrase/describe the content of the two sources or identify simple comparison(s) between the sources. Skills of written communication will be weak. 1-2

• L2: Responses will compare the views expressed in the two sources and identify some differences and/or similarities. There may be some limited own knowledge. Answers will be coherent but weakly expressed. 3-6

• L3: Responses will compare the views expressed in the two sources, identifying differences and similarities and using own knowledge to explain and evaluate these. Answers will, for the most part, be clearly expressed. 7-9

• L4 Responses will make a developed comparison between the views expressed in the two sources and will apply own knowledge to evaluate and to demonstrate a good contextual understanding. Answers will, for the most part, show good skills of written communication. 10-12

Indicative content

Note: This content is not prescriptive and candidates are not obliged to refer to the material contained in this mark scheme. Any legitimate answer will be assessed on its merits according to the generic levels scheme. Candidates will need to identify differences between the views of the two sources. For example:

• Source B concludes that Kennedy would have withdrawn from Vietnam because he came to regard communism as a successful and pervasive force there. Source A presents Kennedy as determined to help and protect South Vietnam from the spread of
  communism and the threat that it posed to South Vietnam’s independence

• Source B suggests that Kennedy was prepared to abandon the Domino Theory, and by implication, containment in Vietnam. Implied in Source A is the view that Kennedy was History - AQA GCE Mark Scheme 2010 January series upholding the USA’s commitment to containment and therefore its commitment to the Domino Theory

• whilst Source B suggests that US aid to South Vietnam would be military, Kennedy rejects this as an unacceptable cost in young American lives. Source A suggests that Kennedy is willing to use ‘measures’ to ‘assist’ South Vietnam to protect its independence. This vagueness may imply that anything up to and including military force is possible.

Candidates will need to apply their own knowledge of context to explain these differences. They might, for example, refer to:

• there was a growing degree of popular support amongst the South Vietnamese peasants for communism because it was closely linked to the wider aim of Vietnamese nationalism present in the Vietcong

• the Domino Theory was basic to US foreign policy during the Cold War years. It was a further re-statement of containment and together these concepts formed the foundations of US relations with the communist world

• up to this point the US had offered economic and political aid to South Vietnam. Only with the arrival of Kennedy did the possibility of military aid, and its expansion, emerge. Reference may be made to the nature of Kennedy’s military aid and its gradual development through ‘advisors’.

To address ‘how far’, candidates should also indicate some similarity between the sources. For example:

• both sources suggest US involvement. Source A refers to the USA’s willingness to ‘help’. The fact that Source B suggests Kennedy may have ‘pulled us out’ clearly implies that the US must have been ‘in’ Vietnam. Both sources suggest a degree of
  commitment on the part of the USA towards South Vietnam

• both sources suggest that the USA’s commitment to responding proactively to the Domino Theory is less than developed. Source A emphasises the USA’s lack of interest in anything beyond preserving peace and the independence of South Vietnam. There is
  no suggestion of a wider geo-strategic interest in Southeast Asia. Similarly, Source B suggests that the US will accept the need to abandon any US interest in Southeast Asia. There is a geo-political interest, but it will not be pursued.

In making a judgement about the degree of difference, candidates may conclude that there are a number of significant differences. Despite this there are, equally, a number of important similarities.

Vraag 2

• Nothing written worthy of credit. 0

• L1: Answers may be based on sources or on own knowledge alone, or they may comprise an undeveloped mixture of the two. They may contain some descriptive material which is only loosely linked to the focus of the question or they may address only a part of the
  question. Alternatively, there may be some explicit comment with little, if any, appropriate support. Answers are likely to be generalised and assertive. There will be little, if any, awareness of differing historical interpretations. The response will be limited in development and skills of written communication will be weak. 1-6

• L2: Answers may be based on sources or on own knowledge alone, or they may contain a mixture of the two. They may be almost entirely descriptive with few explicit links to the focus of the question. Alternatively, they may contain some explicit comment with relevant but limited support. They will display limited understanding of differing historicalinterpretations. Answers will be coherent but weakly expressed and/or poorly structured.

• L3: Answers will show a developed understanding of the demands of the question using evidence from both the sources and own knowledge. They will provide some assessment backed by relevant and appropriately selected evidence, but they will lack depth and/or balance. There will be some understanding of varying historical interpretations. Answers will, for the most part, be clearly expressed and show some organisation in the presentation of material. 12-16

• L4: Answers will show explicit understanding of the demands of the question. They will develop a balanced argument backed by a good range of appropriately selected evidence from the sources and own knowledge, and a good understanding of historical interpretations. Answers will, for the most part, show organisation and good skills of written communication. 17-21

• L5: Answers will be well-focused and closely argued. The arguments will be supported by precisely selected evidence from the sources and own knowledge, incorporating welldeveloped understanding of historical interpretations and debate. Answers will, for the most part, be carefully organised and fluently written, using appropriate vocabulary.
  

Indicative content

Note: This content is not prescriptive and candidates are not obliged to refer to the material contained in this mark scheme. Any legitimate answer will be assessed on its merits according to the generic levels scheme. Candidates should be able to make a judgement by addressing the focus of the question and offering some balance of other factors or views. In ‘how important’ and ‘how successful’ questions, the answer could be (but does not need to be) exclusively based on the focus of the question.

Candidates should use the sources as evidence in their answer.

Relevant material from the sources would include:

• Source A: presents the communist regime as aggressive and expansionist. Reference to Kennedy’s focus on the protection of South Vietnam from communist control is clear. This source also refers to the increasing ability of South Vietnam to defend itself and
  preserve its independence. This suggests that the USA’s primary purpose was to use whatever methods were necessary, including the use of military force

• Source B: this implies that South Vietnam was a crucial part of communist ambitions in Southeast Asia. The key sentence in this source is the final one. Withdrawal from South Vietnam would have led to the realisation of the Domino Theory. The source implicitly challenges the notion that Kennedy was willing to use military force to protect South Vietnam
  

• Source C: clearly places the conflict within the context of the Cold War. Implicit in this is containment. The source illustrates the growing military commitment that the USA made during the Kennedy Presidency and the determination of the ‘enemy’ to overcome this. The source also suggests alternatives to the use of military force, e.g. the Strategic Hamlets Programme.

From candidates’ own knowledge:

Factors suggesting Kennedy was determined to use military force to stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia might include:

• he was a well known anti-communist and often criticised the Eisenhower administration for its apparent soft liner against communism

• he first introduced a US military presence of any size into Vietnam

• he was committed to the idea of containment and the Domino Theory. Containment certainly allowed for the use of military force by the USA

• he saw Southeast Asia as particularly exposed to the threat of communism.

Factors suggesting that Kennedy was not/less determined to use military force might include:

• Kennedy was reluctant to commit conventional US military forces. He sent ‘advisers’

• he wanted a diplomatic solution to the crisis

• the issue of the USA vested interests is crucial. Kennedy did not see these being fulfilled by the loss of US lives in Vietnam. Memories of the Second World War and Korea were still raw in the US mentality

• the Cuban Missile Crisis had moved Kennedy away from militarism.
  

Good answers are likely to/may conclude that on balance Kennedy was loath to use military force but he was not closed to the option.

Bron: http://store.aqa.org.uk/qual/gce/pdf/AQA-HIS2Q-W-MS-JAN10.PDF

Ziek ook AQA  A-level history

 Vietnam

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Copyright:  Albert van der Kaap, 2011